As an experienced immigration and criminal attorney practicing in New York and New Jersey, I have navigated the complex interplay between criminal convictions and immigration consequences. The purpose of this article is to elucidate the potential repercussions of a robbery conviction under New York Penal Law for immigrants and non-citizens.

Understanding Robbery under NY Penal Law

Robbery is defined in the New York Penal Law as forcibly stealing property, and it is classified into different degrees based on the circumstances of the offense. A conviction for robbery can have profound implications for non-citizens due to its classification as a violent felony.

The Legal Framework

The New York Penal Code specifies three degrees of robbery:

  1. Third Degree (NY Penal Law § 160.05): A class D felony involving forcible stealing.
  2. Second Degree (NY Penal Law § 160.10): A class C felony, elevated by factors such as physical injury or display of what appears to be a firearm.
  3. First Degree (NY Penal Law § 160.15): A class B felony, which includes serious physical injury or the use of a dangerous weapon.

Implications for Immigrants and Non-Citizens

The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) outlines grounds for deportation and inadmissibility, some of which may be triggered by a robbery conviction.

Deportation and Inadmissibility Consequences

  • Deportation Grounds: Under INA § 237(a)(2)(A)(iii), any non-citizen convicted of an aggravated felony is deportable. Certain robbery convictions can be considered aggravated felonies.
  • Inadmissibility Grounds: INA § 212(a)(2) renders a non-citizen inadmissible for criminal grounds, including crimes involving moral turpitude or drug offenses.

Types of Relief from Deportation

For non-citizens facing deportation due to a robbery conviction, various forms of relief may be available:

  1. Cancellation of Removal: Available to certain permanent residents and non-permanent residents under specific conditions.
  2. Asylum and Withholding of Removal: For individuals who can demonstrate a fear of persecution in their home country.
  3. Adjustment of Status: In rare cases, an individual may adjust their status even with a criminal conviction.

Criteria for Each Type of Relief

Each form of relief has its own criteria and eligibility requirements, and the impact of a robbery conviction on these options should be assessed by a legal professional.

Navigating the Legal Process

Engaging with an attorney who has expertise in both immigration and criminal law is crucial for non-citizens charged with robbery. They can explore:

  • Plea Bargains: Negotiating a plea to a lesser offense that may not have immigration consequences.
  • Post-Conviction Relief: Examining possibilities to vacate or modify a conviction if it was not properly informed by immigration consequences.

FAQ – Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: Can a robbery conviction be considered an aggravated felony for immigration purposes? A1: Yes, certain robbery convictions can be classified as aggravated felonies, particularly when they involve violence or serious injury.

Q2: Are there any immigration reliefs available for non-citizens convicted of robbery? A2: While options are limited, relief mechanisms such as Cancellation of Removal or Asylum may be available depending on individual circumstances.

Q3: How does a second-degree robbery conviction in NY affect a Green Card holder? A3: A second-degree robbery conviction, being a class C felony, could potentially result in deportation proceedings due to its serious nature.

Q4: Can a robbery conviction be challenged after it has been made if it affects immigration status? A4: In some cases, Post-Conviction Relief may be sought if the conviction’s immigration consequences were not fully understood or if there were issues with the legal process.

Q5: Is it possible to avoid deportation if convicted of robbery in New York? A5: Avoiding deportation depends on various factors, including the specifics of the case, the individual’s immigration status, and the availability and success of legal relief strategies.

Q6: Should a non-citizen accept a plea deal in a robbery case? A6: Accepting a plea deal should be done with caution and only after consulting with an attorney who understands both the criminal and immigration implications of the conviction.

If you’re interested in understanding the complexities of immigration law and its implications, the following articles provide insightful information on various topics ranging from legal strategies to the effects of criminal charges on immigration status. Dive into these informative pieces to broaden your knowledge on the subject:

  1. How to Draft an Effective Writ of Mandamus Petition
  2. The Criminalization of Immigration in the United States
  3. Writ of Mandamus as a Tool for Judicial Oversight
  4. How Long Can ICE Hold You in Jail? Understanding Detention by Immigration and Customs Enforcement
  5. Introduction to U Visas: Understanding Relief for Immigrant Crime Victims
  6. The Consequences of DUI on Immigration Status
  7. The Influence of Writ of Mandamus on Politics
  8. Writ of Mandamus and Access to Public Information: Navigating Legal Avenues
  9. Writ of Mandamus and Its Relationship with Constitutional Rights
  10. Cancellation of Removal: A Detailed Guide to Eligibility and Application Process